Bu haftaki derste, s\u00eeret ve s\u00fcnnetin rivayeti ve tedv\u00eeni, t\u00e2bi\u00een, tebeu\u2019t-t\u00e2bi\u00een ve ilk s\u00eeret r\u00e2vileri ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nd\u0131. Dersin ana sorusu \u015fuydu: Hz. Peygamber\u2019in hayat\u0131 ve s\u00fcnneti sahabeden sonraki ku\u015faklara nas\u0131l aktar\u0131ld\u0131; bu aktar\u0131m hangi ilm\u00ee usullerle \u015fekillendi ve kimler bu s\u00fcrecin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 isimleri oldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hocam\u0131z, s\u00eeret, s\u00fcnnet ve hadis rivayetlerinin erken d\u00f6nemde birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z alanlar olarak de\u011fil, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayn\u0131 r\u00e2v\u00ee a\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fcyen i\u00e7 i\u00e7e disiplinler olarak geli\u015fti\u011fini vurgulayarak ba\u015flad\u0131. Sahabenin bildiklerini t\u00e2bi\u00eene, t\u00e2bi\u00eenin de tebeu\u2019t-t\u00e2bi\u00eene aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u00f6zellikle gazvelere dair bilgilerin gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edildi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te s\u00eeretin sah\u00eefeler, mektuplar ve erken yaz\u0131l\u0131 derlemeler yoluyla kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tedv\u00een faaliyetleriyle birlikte kitapla\u015fma s\u00fcrecine girdi\u011fi belirtildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu noktada Fuat Sezgin\u2019in tespitlerine \u00f6zel olarak de\u011finildi. Sezgin\u2019e g\u00f6re hadis ve s\u00eeret isnadlar\u0131nda yer alan bir\u00e7ok isim, sadece s\u00f6zl\u00fc aktar\u0131c\u0131lar de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynak sahibi \u00e2limlerdir. Onun \u00f6zellikle “Buh\u00e2r\u00ee\u2019nin Kaynaklar\u0131” adl\u0131 de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, erken d\u00f6nemde yaz\u0131l\u0131 tedv\u00eenin san\u0131landan \u00e7ok daha yayg\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130lk nesil s\u00eeret r\u00e2vileri aras\u0131nda Urve b. Z\u00fcbeyr\u2019in merkezi konumu \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131ca duruldu. Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe\u2019nin ye\u011feni olan Urve\u2019nin, ondan yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde rivayette bulundu\u011fu; s\u00eereti ilk defa bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bilin\u00e7li ve derli toplu \u015fekilde ele alan isimlerden biri oldu\u011fu ifade edildi. Emev\u00ee halifeleriyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, s\u00eeret alan\u0131ndaki en erken yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131; m\u00fcstakil bir eseri olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da rivayetlerinin klasik s\u00eeret literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu vurguland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tedv\u00een s\u00fcrecinin en kritik ismi olarak \u0130bn \u015eih\u00e2b ez-Z\u00fchr\u00ee ele al\u0131nd\u0131. Hem hadis hem s\u00eeret rivayetlerinde \u201corta direk\u201d kabul edilen Z\u00fchr\u00ee\u2019nin, rivayetlerin kaybolmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in sistemli yaz\u0131m faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; sahabe ve t\u00e2bi\u00een rivayetlerini birlikte derledi\u011fi belirtildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u00fcelliflik a\u015famas\u0131nda belirleyici isim Muhammed b. \u0130sh\u00e2k olarak ifade edildi. S\u00eeret\u00fc\u2019 \u0130bn \u0130sh\u00e2k adl\u0131 eseriyle s\u00eereti kronolojik ve tematik bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde sunan \u0130bn \u0130sh\u00e2k\u2019\u0131n, sonraki t\u00fcm s\u00eeret \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kaynakl\u0131k etti\u011fi vurguland\u0131. Hakk\u0131ndaki ele\u015ftirilerin, erken s\u00eeret yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011ful kaynakl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Muhammed b. \u0130sh\u00e2k\u2019tan sonra bu a\u015famada Ma\u2018mer b. R\u00e2\u015fid (\u00f6. 153\/770) de zikredildi. Z\u00fchr\u00ee\u2019nin \u00f6nde gelen talebelerinden olan Ma\u2018mer, hocas\u0131n\u0131n rivayetlerini sistemli bi\u00e7imde muhafaza etmi\u015f; \u0130bn \u0130sh\u00e2k\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yer verdi\u011fi Z\u00fchr\u00ee rivayetlerini derlemesiyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l-C\u00e2mi\u2018 adl\u0131 eseri, 1614 rivayet i\u00e7ermesi ve bab ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131yla tasnif edilmi\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131yla erken d\u00f6nem hadis ve s\u00eeret yaz\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir merhaleyi temsil eder. Buh\u00e2r\u00ee ve M\u00fcslim\u2019in ondan yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde rivayet alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, Ma\u2018mer\u2019in rivayet gelene\u011findeki g\u00fcvenilir ve merkezi konumunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ders, s\u00eeret ve s\u00fcnnetin t\u00e2bi\u00een ve tebeu\u2019t-t\u00e2bi\u00een d\u00f6neminde yaz\u0131l\u0131 rivayet ve tedv\u00een faaliyetleri sayesinde ilm\u00ee bir disiplin kimli\u011fi kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgusuyla tamamland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n