\u0130slam Felsefesinde Bir Filozof Bir Eser dersi kapsam\u0131nda bu hafta hocam\u0131z Prof. Dr. M\u00fcfit Selim Saruhan, ilk \u0130slam filozofu kabul edilen Kind\u00ee\u2019nin genel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemine ana hatlar\u0131yla de\u011findikten sonra hacim olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fakat etki ve \u00f6rneklik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan Ris\u00e2le f\u00ee Hud\u00fbdi\u2019l-E\u015fy\u00e2 ve Rus\u00fbmih\u00e2 adl\u0131 risalesini tahlil etti. Bu k\u0131sa risalenin neden \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde kurucu bir \u00f6neme sahip olu\u015funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.
Hocam\u0131z Kind\u00ee\u2019nin metafizik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini \u00fc\u00e7 ana kavram etraf\u0131nda \u00f6zetledi: hak, vahdet ve hareket. Bu kavramlar\u0131n her biri akl\u0131 zorunlu olarak nihai ilkeye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hak kavram\u0131, var olan her \u015feyin ger\u00e7ekli\u011finin kendisinden de\u011fil, daha temel bir ilkeden geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Bu ilke, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini ba\u015fkas\u0131ndan almayan ilk ger\u00e7ek olmak zorundad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece ak\u0131l, tek tek varl\u0131klardan mutlak ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe y\u00fckselir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Birli\u011fini hi\u00e7bir \u015feyden almayan mutlak bir \u201cbir\u201d bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu Tanr\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.
Hareket kavram\u0131 ise de\u011fi\u015fimin sonlulu\u011fa i\u015faret etti\u011fini ortaya koyar. De\u011fi\u015fen her \u015fey h\u00e2distir ve h\u00e2dis olan bir f\u00e2ile muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu f\u00e2il de\u011fi\u015fmeyen, ezel\u00ee ve bir olmak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kind\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011finin ba\u015flayabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nce \u015fu soru sorulmal\u0131d\u0131r: \u0130nsan hakikati aramaya ve sormaya donan\u0131ml\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?
Kind\u00ee bu soruya a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cevet\u201d der. Onun \u0130lk Felsefe \u00dczerine adl\u0131 eseri yaln\u0131zca metafizik bir inceleme de\u011fil, akl\u0131n de\u011ferini ortaya koyar. B\u00f6ylece \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde ak\u0131l ile hakikat aras\u0131nda kurucu bir ba\u011f kurulur. Kind\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re metafizik, varl\u0131k t\u00fcrlerini de\u011fil var olman\u0131n kendisini bilmektir. Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 bilmek b\u00fct\u00fcn hakikatlerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmektir. Sebebin bilgisi \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in metafizik en \u015ferefli ilimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Daha sonra hocam\u0131z etimoloji i\u015ftikak ve s\u00f6zl\u00fck ve terim bilimin \u00f6nemine \u00f6rneklerle de\u011findi. \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde kavramlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleme gelene\u011fi sadece filozoflara ait de\u011fildir. Tasavvuf, kelam ve f\u0131k\u0131h da buna dahildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Teh\u00e2nev\u00ee, \u0130sfah\u00e2n\u00ee, C\u00fcrc\u00e2n\u00ee, Ka\u015fan\u0131 ve Ku\u015feyri gibi \u00e2limlerin eserleri kavramlar\u0131n anlam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen klasik referans metinlerdir.
Hocam\u0131z had ve resmin fark\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131n cins\u2014yak\u0131n ay\u0131r\u0131m; yak\u0131n cins\u2014uzak ay\u0131r\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6rneklendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Aristoteles\u2019e g\u00f6re tan\u0131m\u0131 \u201cbir \u015feyin ne oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klayan s\u00f6z\u201d iken, \u0130slam mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re tan\u0131m\u0131 \u201ckavram\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan s\u00f6z\u201dd\u00fcr. Mant\u0131kta tasavvurlar\u0131n amac\u0131 tan\u0131ma ula\u015fmakt\u0131r. \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri iki t\u00fcr tan\u0131m kullan\u0131r: Had \u00f6zsel tan\u0131md\u0131r, Resm ise betimleyici tan\u0131md\u0131r. Had mahiyeti, resm nitelikleri a\u00e7\u0131klar. Bu y\u00fczden kavram risaleleri Hud\u00fbd ve Rus\u00fbm ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Kind\u00ee\u2019nin eseri bu gelene\u011fin en erken ve en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hud\u00fbd risaleleri; filozofun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r d\u00f6nemin terminolojisini g\u00f6sterir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131t\u0131r. Bir filozofun kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar onun zihinsel haritas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hocam\u0131z ayr\u0131ca, Kiki Kennedy-Day\u2019in Books of Definition in Islamic Philosophy adl\u0131 eserinde Kind\u00ee, F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee ve \u0130bn S\u00een\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n Hud\u00fbd Risalelerini analitik bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla tahlil etti\u011fini belirterek, bu eserin detayl\u0131ca incelenmesi gerekti\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayr\u0131ca Alfred Ivry, Eb\u00fb Ride ve Mahmut Kaya, Enver Uysal ve Cevher \u015eulul hocalar\u0131n Kind\u00ee \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayr\u0131ca; G\u00fcrb\u00fcz Deniz edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Diyanet \u0130lm\u00ee Dergi\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan \u2018Kind\u00ee \u00d6zel Say\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda, \u0130sl\u00e2m felsefesi ve ilahiyat alan\u0131ndaki k\u0131ymetli hocalar\u0131n g\u00fcncel katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da mutlaka okunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hocam\u0131z ard\u0131ndan Aristoteles\u2019in Metafizik\u2019inin Delta kitab\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini ve Hud\u00fbd risalelerine etkisini ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Kind\u00ee\u2019nin bu eseriyle hedefledi\u011fi temel ama\u00e7; kavramlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmek, felsef\u00ee bir dil in\u015fa etmek ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi sistemle\u015ftirmektir. Yunan felsefesi Arap\u00e7aya terc\u00fcme edilirken haz\u0131r bir teknik terminoloji bulunmamaktayd\u0131. Bu nedenle filozoflar yeni kavramlar \u00fcretmek durumunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u015fu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6nteme ba\u015fvurmu\u015flard\u0131r: Kelimeyi oldu\u011fu gibi aktarmak, yabanc\u0131 kelimeyi dile uyarlamak ve g\u00fcndelik terimleri teknik anlamlar y\u00fckleyerek kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hocam\u0131z, risalenin Arap\u00e7a metni \u00fczerinden temel kavramlar\u0131 \u015fu \u00f6rneklerle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Cirm (cisim), t\u00eenet (madde), tevehh\u00fcm (tahayy\u00fcl), tam\u00e2miyye (gaye), galebiyye (gadabiyye) ve gunye (meleke).
Bu ba\u011flamda Kind\u00ee, varl\u0131k i\u00e7in \u201ceys\u201d, yokluk i\u00e7inse \u201cleys\u201d gibi \u00f6zg\u00fcn terimler t\u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kind\u00ee, Hud\u00fbd Risalesi\u2019nde i\u00e7eri\u011fi tematik bir tasnife tabi tutmu\u015ftur. Bu tasnif; Metafizik (ilk neden, ak\u0131l, nefs, hey\u00fbl\u00e2, s\u00fbret, unsur), Mant\u0131k (kemiyet, keyfiyet, izafet), Psikoloji (vehim, hayal, re\u2019y, irade), Kozmoloji (felek, zaman, mek\u00e2n), Fizik (s\u0131cakl\u0131k, so\u011fukluk, kuruluk, nemlilik), Ahlak (hikmet, iffet, yi\u011fitlik, itidal), Toplum (insanl\u0131k, meleklik, hayvanl\u0131k) ve t\u0131p, astroloji, yaz\u0131 ile ritim gibi di\u011fer alanlar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.
Hocam\u0131z dersini \u015fu son c\u00fcmleyle bitirmi\u015ftir: Yeni cevaplardan \u00e7ok, daha \u00e7ok sorular\u0131m\u0131z varsa felsefenin izindeyiz demektir. Felsefenin i\u015flevi de cevap ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm vermekten \u00e7ok \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u0130slam Felsefesinde Bir Filozof Bir Eser dersi kapsam\u0131nda bu hafta hocam\u0131z Prof. Dr. M\u00fcfit Selim Saruhan, ilk \u0130slam filozofu kabul edilen Kind\u00ee\u2019nin genel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemine ana hatlar\u0131yla de\u011findikten sonra hacim olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fakat etki ve \u00f6rneklik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan Ris\u00e2le f\u00ee Hud\u00fbdi\u2019l-E\u015fy\u00e2 ve Rus\u00fbmih\u00e2 adl\u0131 risalesini tahlil etti. Bu k\u0131sa risalenin neden \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde … <\/p>\n