Prof. Dr. Celal T\u00fcrer, bu haftaki dersine akl\u0131n mahiyeti ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00fczerine derinlikli bir analizle ba\u015flayarak, ge\u00e7en haftaki \u201cak\u0131l\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00fcst seviyeye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Hocam\u0131z, akl\u0131n tarih boyunca statik bir yap\u0131 sergilemedi\u011fini, aksine tefekk\u00fcr, teemm\u00fcl ve tefakkuh gibi farkl\u0131 tezah\u00fcrlerle \u00e7e\u015fitlendi\u011fini belirtti. Dersin ilk temel izle\u011fi, akl\u0131n kendi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakini tan\u0131mlama \u00e7abas\u0131, yani \u201cAk\u0131l D\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k\u201d (Irrationality) kavram\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00fcrer\u2019e g\u00f6re ak\u0131l, ancak kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011finde neyin ak\u0131l d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu idrak edebilir. Bu ba\u011flamda ak\u0131l ve ak\u0131l d\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi \u00fc\u00e7 perspektifte ele ald\u0131: Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k ili\u015fkisi, indirgemeci (Reductionism) ili\u015fki ve birbirini tamamlayan b\u00fct\u00fcnsel ili\u015fki.
\u0130nsan\u0131n rasyonel bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki klasik kabulleri sorgulayan hocam\u0131z, Dan Ariely\u2019nin \u201cAk\u0131ld\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ama \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir\u201d (Predictably Irrational) adl\u0131 eserinden hareketle, insan kararlar\u0131n\u0131n her zaman mant\u0131ksal bir s\u00fczge\u00e7ten ge\u00e7medi\u011fini \u00f6rnekledi. Ariely\u2019nin deneysel psikoloji ve davran\u0131\u015fsal iktisat temelli verileri \u00fczerinden, insan\u0131n \u201cG\u00f6recelilik\u201d (Relativity) ilkesine g\u00f6re hareket etti\u011fini, nesneleri mutlak de\u011ferleriyle de\u011fil, \u00e7evresindeki se\u00e7eneklerle k\u0131yaslayarak alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle \u201c\u00c7\u0131palama\u201d (Anchoring) etkisiyle, zihnimizin ilk kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiyi bir referans noktas\u0131 kabul ederek sonraki t\u00fcm yarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 buna g\u00f6re \u015fekillendirdi\u011fini ifade etti. Ayr\u0131ca, \u201cBedava\u201d (Free) kavram\u0131n\u0131n rasyonel bir maliyet hesab\u0131ndan ziyade duygusal bir tepki do\u011furdu\u011funu ve sosyal normlar ile piyasa normlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n insan ili\u015fkilerinin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc felsefi bir dille analiz etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dersin ikinci ve ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise epistemoloji tarihinin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc damarlar\u0131ndan biri olan Empirizm (Deneyimcilik) ekol\u00fcne ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131. Hocam\u0131z, bu ekol\u00fcn k\u00f6kenlerini Antik Yunan\u2019daki Empeiria kavram\u0131ndan ba\u015flatarak, bilginin tek kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n duyum ve deneyim oldu\u011funu savunan bu gelini\u015fin \u00fc\u00e7 evresini (Antik, Klasik ve Modern) \u00f6zetledi. Bu noktada odak noktas\u0131, modern empirizmin kurucu babas\u0131 kabul edilen John Locke ve onun abidevi eseri \u201c\u0130nsan Anl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Deneme\u201d (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding) oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
John Locke felsefesinin temel ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda detayland\u0131rd\u0131:
1.\u2060 \u2060Do\u011fu\u015ftan Gelen Fikirlerin Reddi: Locke, rasyonalistlerin iddia etti\u011fi \u201cdo\u011fu\u015ftan gelen fikirler\u201d (Innate Ideas) teorisine \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Ona g\u00f6re, e\u011fer mant\u0131k ilkeleri veya Tanr\u0131 fikri do\u011fu\u015ftan olsayd\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n veya zihinsel engelli bireylerin de bunlara vak\u0131f olmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Oysa bilgi, sonradan kazan\u0131lan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.
2.\u2060 \u2060Tabula Rasa (Bo\u015f Levha): Locke\u2019a g\u00f6re insan zihni do\u011fu\u015fta \u00fczerine hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bembeyaz bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t veya bo\u015f bir levha gibidir. Zihin, t\u00fcm i\u00e7eri\u011fini ve \u201cmalzemesini\u201d deneyim yoluyla elde eder.
3.\u2060 \u2060Duyum ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcm (Sensation & Reflection): Locke bilgiyi iki kayna\u011fa ay\u0131r\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan gelen veriler \u201cDuyum\u201d (Sensation) yoluyla al\u0131n\u0131rken, zihnin bu veriler \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemler (hat\u0131rlama, k\u0131yaslama, inanma) \u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcm\u201d (Reflection) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
4.\u2060 \u2060Birinci ve \u0130kinci Nitelikler: Locke, nesnelerin kendisinde bulunan ve onlardan ayr\u0131lamayan \u00f6zellikleri (\u015fekil, hareket, say\u0131 gibi birinci nitelikler) ile sadece zihnimizde alg\u0131lanan \u00f6zellikleri (renk, koku, tat gibi ikinci nitelikler) birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m, bilginin nesnelli\u011fi ve \u00f6znelli\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda kilit bir rol oynar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Locke\u2019un ard\u0131ndan k\u0131saca George Berkeley\u2019in \u201cVarl\u0131k alg\u0131lanmakt\u0131r\u201d (Esse est percipi) idealizmine ve David Hume\u2019un nedensellik ele\u015ftirisine de\u011finen hocam\u0131z, empiristlerin \u201cDo\u011fruluk\u201d (Truth) anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, rasyonalistlerin aksine \u201cUygunluk\u201d de\u011fil, zihinsel verilerin kendi i\u00e7indeki tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Coherence) \u00fczerinden \u015fekillendi\u011fini belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak hocam\u0131z, bilginin sadece g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnden (ak\u0131ldan) inmedi\u011fini, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden (deneyimden) beslendi\u011fini vurgulayarak, Immanuel Kant\u2019\u0131n bu iki kutbu nas\u0131l sentezleyece\u011fine dair ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 vererek dersi tamamlad\u0131. Bilgi, hem d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n verilerine hem de bu verileri i\u015fleyen bir zihinsel yap\u0131ya muhta\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prof. Dr. Celal T\u00fcrer, bu haftaki dersine akl\u0131n mahiyeti ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00fczerine derinlikli bir analizle ba\u015flayarak, ge\u00e7en haftaki \u201cak\u0131l\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00fcst seviyeye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Hocam\u0131z, akl\u0131n tarih boyunca statik bir yap\u0131 sergilemedi\u011fini, aksine tefekk\u00fcr, teemm\u00fcl ve tefakkuh gibi farkl\u0131 tezah\u00fcrlerle \u00e7e\u015fitlendi\u011fini belirtti. Dersin ilk temel izle\u011fi, akl\u0131n kendi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakini tan\u0131mlama \u00e7abas\u0131, yani \u201cAk\u0131l D\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k\u201d (Irrationality) … <\/p>\n